Sunday, October 29, 2017

White ethnostate...pfft! Ridiculous!

This article I found on Voice of America really shows how messed up race relations are. People don't know who they are anymore. It is evidenced by the words on the protester's sign. It says "Stop Southern Cultural Genocide". What culture are they talking about? If we want to talk about native inhabitants, their culture was wiped out long ago. This whole thing would be laughable if it wasn't so sad.

White Nationalists Stage Anti-refugee Protests in Tennessee
These people protest cultural genocide, but don't even remember the genocide on their own culture. That genocide put upon them was so complete, they have now donned a newly invented culture to replace the lost and forgotten one. I wager 99% of them have Celtic ancestors. Ask any of them where their pre colonial ancestors lived and you would probably get answers pointing to Celtic origins.

In the article "White Nationalists Stage Anti-refugee Protests in Tennessee" they quote:

"We don't want the federal government to keep dumping all these refugees into middle Tennessee," said Brad Griffin, a member of a group known as the League of the South who has written about his desire to create a white "ethnostate."

"Saturday's rallies were organized by the Nationalist Front coalition, which embraces groups considered neo-Nazi or neo-Confederate by the Southern Poverty Law Center, which tracks hate groups."

A "white" ethnostate? What the heck is that? Are they going to have sections for Scots, Irish, Spanish, etc., etc.,? White ethnostate...pfft! Ridiculous! They forget that their own ancestors were refugees who were also dumped. The whole idea of "white" is a term invented to describe Celtic people along with some other light skinned people, who have lost memory of their true heritage. The term "white" being used to describe some fictional race is as invalid a notion as calling all dark skinned people "black". Scots are not the same as Germans like Zulu are not the same as Hutu. In America everybody has been dumped into two big fictitious racial pots. One black and one white.

Diachronic distribution of Celtic peoples:
  Core Hallstatt territory, by the sixth century BC
  Maximal Celtic expansion by 275 BC
  Lusitanian area of Iberia where Celtic presence is uncertain
  Areas where Celtic languages remain widely spoken today
They call them melting pots and even that is part of the problem. They melted the memory of people's history away from them. All the different Celtic ethnic groups got mixed together. Their own true cultural roots got stripped from them by the likes of the ancient Romans. Then the cultural genocide was further perfected by the colonial powers in the age of exploration.

It all leaves us with people like the protesters in the picture who only reach back for identity 150, maybe 200 years. If they looked back into their real racial and cultural past they would drop their signs and give up the Nazi and Confederate flags. They would find that they are trying to do to others the same thing that was done to their ancestors. They would find you can't have a "white ethnostate" because there is no such thing as a "white" race, or "white" cultural heritage. It's all an illusion spoon fed to people who have forgotten their past.

Saturday, October 28, 2017

Satanic Church of Texas Condemns Christians for Hitting Children

Before I continue let it be known, I am a Secular Humanist. I neither believe in gods, spirits or an afterlife.
_____________________
Their objection to hitting children is understandable if the Satanic Church of Texas go by the Satanic bible written by Anton Szandor LaVey, or if they derive their beliefs from that writing. They would believe that children are the incarnation of carnal knowledge. As they said in the article, “One’s body is inviolable, subject to one’s own will alone.” also applies to animals.


I can also understand if people get a reaction of fear. In the original article from Pathos they were quoted to say 'It’s not okay when Christian parents “train up a child” either.', which upon further reflection means;

Proverbs 22:6 King James Version: Train up a child in the way he should go: and when he is old, he will not depart from it.

...or if translated into contemporary speech would come out to say "Brainwash your children with the ways of Christianity and when they are old they will remain Christians."

I'm not trying to be mean to believers, but they have ideas about the whole thing that were provided to them from childhood as the adults around them "train up a child", thus they experience fear with the thought of "Satan".

Apparently, the Satanic Temple mentioned in the article is an organization of atheists. When one does further research one finds the true origin of the modern Christian notion of Satan. It is derived from Paganism, or should I say, it is a bastardization of several Pagan beliefs. None of those beliefs had anything to do with burning in Hell as eternal punishment for rejecting a myth. If anyone sees the word "Satan" and reacts with fear, they are reacting in the way the Christian church wants them to react, and reacting that way because of ignorance. Ignorance that was put upon them through cultural genocide and brainwashing (“train up a child” ) the child for many generations.

Fear is a tool used to control people. The political parties and the Church employ it all the time. While they attempt to employ fear to control you just keep in mind one thing. Knowledge imparts understanding. Understanding drives away fear.

We all need to study our ancestral and cultural roots. For instance, my roots are of Celtic Scot origins. My pre-Christian ancestors, from whose beliefs the modern version of Satan was twisted out of, were building the various Stonehenges while studying the motion of the Sun, planets and stars, and doing it a couple thousand years before the birth of Christ. While my ancestors made steel, used soap and revered nature, The Romans who invaded my people's ancestral lands were enslaving them for the blood games, worshiping their own pre-Christian gods and bathing in olive oil then scraping it off their skin with animal bones. The Romans called my ancestors "barbarians" too. I think if one were to study the history of the Celtic people they would know who the real barbarians truly were.

I realize that what I mentioned in the previous paragraph happened long before the Celtic people were converted. It had to be mentioned because the Roman method was employed in the conversion.

So study up and gain knowledge. Obtain understanding so that you no longer live in fear. Don't allow other people to control you with fear. Question everything. Especially question long held beliefs. Another old saying comes to mind about now, "The truth shall set you free." Be free.


RT Involved in Election Meddling Plot

In regards to "...CNN and the young turks to be the most anti American outlets ever...", which was made in a counter argument about RT. I can certainly understand why one would think they are anti-American. I, as an American, do not think they are. CNN is pro-status quo. I think TYT is anti-corruption.

I'm sure if you read all of my works you might get the idea that I am anti-American, but nothing could be further from the truth. I love " America and believe in the things it is "supposed" to stand for. I believe in the flag's colors and what they are supposed to mean. The problem starts when we get crooks into government offices who use that office as a vehicle of self enrichment or the enrichment of their friends. I get a problem when our most sacred documents say one thing, but our unworthy leaders do the opposite. It bothers me when I see a veteran standing on a street corner holding a sign asking for help, but yet they are surrounded by a great bounty that really belongs to them.

Then with that in mind I start to think of the possibilities of a hostile nation using these weaknesses against us for their own nefarious gain. The United States could use a makeover from the ground up, but that makeover is for our people to do. I make no illusions about Russia and Putin. It is like a mafia state. It is run by the rich. They will do whatever it is that is in their best interests, even if it means the undermining of our nation. Putin hates us and will lie or do anything else he can to harm our civilization. After they took control over Crimea our nation slapped them with sanctions. They too have military adventures going around the globe. Tension is building in the arctic over newly accessible hydrocarbon fuels (gas, oil).

So with all that said, I think we all need to take stock. What do we want? I want a changed system in this country. A Continental Congress for the 21st Century. It better be in total subservience to the people too, or there could be trouble. I want the total elimination of nuclear weapons from this planet. I want there to be a worldwide law that forbids the detonation of these devices within 200,000 miles of the planet Earth. I want a new era Socialism to take hold of the planet, but first I have to work within my own country for change. I don't appreciate it when hostile foreign entities come meddling in the democratic processes of my people's nation. I am appalled and greatly disturbed when Americans at the highest level try to diminish the severity of the offence. Attempt to call the whole notion a hoax. Come on! A hoax made up by a disgruntled DNC? I don't think so. I'm not buying it. Do they think we all are morons who will believe any wild comment? They should be ashamed for insulting the collective American consciousness!


There are serious charges that RT has been involved in the whole meddling plot. That is pretty damn serious of a charge. I think it would at the very least be something to avoid out of an over abundance of caution. We could use an over abundance of caution now a days because caution has been thrown to the wind. People believe any plausible conspiracy as if it is god's truth. They do it with very little research most of the time. All of them being about how fucked up the US government is.

People forget something though. Our government is supposed to be "by the people of the people and for the people". Maybe a lot of people don't think they are really people? Maybe a lot of people sit around and bitch about this and that, but do little to nothing to effect change. All the while a bunch of greedy crooks hijack their government to use to screw them over, and I mean big time.

People in the United States have a mistaken notion. Some people believe that the best way to avoid government tyranny is to have a populace armed to the teeth. That is a mistaken concept that leads to bloodshed. The actual best way to keep tyranny at bay is to have a population that fully participates in the political process. A political process that doesn't need the help of Russian Trolls or Russian state media.

Wednesday, October 18, 2017

The Constitution of the United States: A Transcription



The Constitution of the United States: A Transcription

Note: The following text is a transcription of the Constitution as it was inscribed
by Jacob Shallus on parchment (the document on display in the Rotunda at the 
National Archives Museum.) The spelling and punctuation reflect the original.

We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, 
establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, 
promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and 
our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of 
America.

Article. I.

Section. 1.

All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the 
United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.


Section. 2.

The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second 
Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have 
the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State 
Legislature.

No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of 
twenty five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who 
shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.

Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States 
which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, 
which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, 
including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not 
taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made 
within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, 
and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by 
Law direct. The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty 
Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative; and until such 
enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse 
three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations one, 
Connecticut five, New-York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware 
one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and 
Georgia three.

When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the Executive 
Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies.

The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other Officers; and 
shall have the sole Power of Impeachment.

Section. 3.

The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State,
chosen by the Legislaturethereof, for six Years; and each Senator shall have one 
Vote.

Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, 
they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of the 
Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, 
of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at 
the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every second 
Year; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the Recess of 
the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary 
Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such 
Vacancies.

No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, 
and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, 
be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen.

The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall 
have no Vote, unless they be equally divided.

The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the 
Absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office of President of 
the United States.

The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When sitting for that 
Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United 
States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted 
without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present.

Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from 
Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit 
under the United States: but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and 
subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law.

Section. 4.

The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and 
Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; 
but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except 
as to the Places of chusing Senators.

The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such Meeting shall 
be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by Law appoint a different 
Day.

Section. 5.

Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its 
own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; 
but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to 
compel the Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such 
Penalties as each House may provide.

Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for 
disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member.

Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to time 
publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy; 
and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall, at 
the Desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal.

Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the Consent of the 
other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other Place than that in which 
the two Houses shall be sitting.

Section. 6.

The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, 
to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They 
shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged 
from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their respective Houses, and 
in going to and returning from the same; and for any Speech or Debate in either 
House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place.

No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be 
appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States, which shall 
have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been encreased during 
such time; and no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a 
Member of either House during his Continuance in Office.

Section. 7.

All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but 
the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills.

Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, 
shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of the United States; 
If he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to 
that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections at 
large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsideration 
two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with 
the Objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and 
if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in all such 
Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and Nays, and the 
Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal 
of each House respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within 
ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same 
shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their 
Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a Law.

Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House 
of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall 
be presented to the President of the United States; and before the Same shall take 
Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by 
two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and 
Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill.

Section. 8.

The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and 
Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general 
Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform 
throughout the United States;

To borrow Money on the credit of the United States;

To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and 
with the Indian Tribes;

To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject 
of Bankruptcies throughout the United States;

To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard 
of Weights and Measures;

To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the 
United States;

To establish Post Offices and post Roads;

To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times 
to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and 
Discoveries;

To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court;

To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offences 
against the Law of Nations;

To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning 
Captures on Land and Water;

To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be 
for a longer Term than two Years;

To provide and maintain a Navy;

To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces;

To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress 
Insurrections and repel Invasions;

To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing 
such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving 
to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of 
training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;

To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not 
exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the 
Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States, 
and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the 
Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, 
Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings;—And

To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution 
the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the 
Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.

Section. 9.

The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing 
shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year 
one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such 
Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person.

The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when 
in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it.

No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed.

No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census 
or enumeration herein before directed to be taken.

No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State.

No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the 
Ports of one State over those of another: nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one 
State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another.

No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations 
made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures 
of all public Money shall be published from time to time.

No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no Person holding 
any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, 
accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any 
King, Prince, or foreign State.

Section. 10.

No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque 
and Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin 
a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law 
impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility.

No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports 
or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing it's inspection 
Laws: and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports 
or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such 
Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Controul of the Congress.

No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of Tonnage, keep 
Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact 
with another State, or with a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually 
invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay.

Article. II.

Section. 1.

The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. 
He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice 
President, chosen for the same Term, be elected, as follows

Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a 
Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to 
which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, 
or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be 
appointed an Elector.

The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot for two Persons, 
of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. 
And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes 
for each; which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of 
the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The 
President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives,
open all the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Person having 
the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, if such Number be a Majority 
of the whole Number of Electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have 
such Majority, and have an equal Number of Votes, then the House of Representatives
shall immediately chuse by Ballot one of them for President; and if no Person 
have a Majority, then from the five highest on the List the said House shall in 
like Manner chuse the President. But in chusing the President, the Votes shall be 
taken by States, the Representation from each State having one Vote; A quorum 
for this Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two thirds of the States, 
and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after 
the Choice of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the 
Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who 
have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them by Ballot the Vice President.

The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors, and the Day on which 
they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States.

No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time 
of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither 
shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of 
thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States.

In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, 
or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, the Same shall 
devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by Law provide for the 
Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the President and Vice 
President, declaring what Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall 
act accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.

The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a Compensation, 
which shall neither be encreased nor diminished during the Period for which he 
shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that Period any other 
Emolument from the United States, or any of them.

Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath 
or Affirmation:—"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute 
the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, 
preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."

Section. 2.

The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United 
States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service 
of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal 
Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the 
Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves 
and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.

He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make 
Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, 
and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, 
other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other 
Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided 
for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest 
the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President 
alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.

The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during 
the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End 
of their next Session.

Section. 3.

He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the 
Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge 
necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both 
Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with 
Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as 
he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; 
he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission 
all the Officers of the United States.

Section. 4.

The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be 
removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, 
or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.

Article III.

Section. 1.

The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, 
and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and 
establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their 
Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their 
Services, a Compensation, which shall not be diminished during their 
Continuance in Office.

Section. 2.

The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this 
Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be 
made, under their Authority;—to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public 
Ministers and Consuls;—to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction;—to 
Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party;—to Controversies 
between two or more States;— between a State and Citizens of another State,—
between Citizens of different States,—between Citizens of the same State 
claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the 
Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects.

In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and 
those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original 
Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall 
have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, 
and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make.

The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury; and 
such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been 
committed; but when not committed within any State, the Trial shall be at 
such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed.

Section. 3.

Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, 
or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall 
be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same 
overt Act, or on Confession in open Court.

The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but no 
Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during 
the Life of the Person attainted.

Article. IV.

Section. 1.

Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and 
judicial Proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general Laws 
prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be 
proved, and the Effect thereof.

Section. 2.

The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of 
Citizens in the several States.

A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall 
flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand of the executive 
Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the 
State having Jurisdiction of the Crime.

No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping 
into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged 
from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to 
whom such Service or Labour may be due.

Section. 3.

New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State 
shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State 
be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the 
Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.

The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and 
Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United 
States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any 
Claims of the United States, or of any particular State.

Section. 4.

The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form 
of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application 
of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened), 
against domestic Violence.

Article. V.

The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall 
propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures 
of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments,
which, in either Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this 
Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several 
States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode 
of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress; Provided that no Amendment 
which may be made prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall 
in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first 
Article; and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal 
Suffrage in the Senate.

Article. VI.

All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption of this 
Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, 
as under the Confederation.

This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in 
Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the 
Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the 
Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or 
Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.

The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the 
several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both of the 
United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, 
to support this Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a 
Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States.

Article. VII.

The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the 
Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same.

The Word, "the," being interlined between the seventh and eighth Lines of the 
first Page, The Word "Thirty" being partly written on an Erazure in the fifteenth 
Line of the first Page, The Words "is tried" being interlined between the thirty 
second and thirty third Lines of the first Page and the Word "the" being 
interlined between the forty third and forty fourth Lines of the second Page.

Attest William Jackson Secretary done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent 
of the States present the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord 
one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independance of the 
United States of America the Twelfth In witness whereof We have hereunto 
subscribed our Names,

G°. Washington
Presidt and deputy from Virginia